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Marsicovetere Maria Elisabetta
Nel 2000 una importantissima
risoluzione dell’ONU la n. 1325 adottata dal Consiglio
di Sicurezza in seno alla sessione del 31 ottobre
riaffermava il ruolo importante che svolgono le donne
nella prevenzione e nella soluzione dei conflitti e
nella consolidazione della pace e la necessità di
incrementare il loro ruolo nei processi decisionali in
materia di prevenzione e soluzione dei conflitti
riconoscendo la necessità urgente di incorporare una
prospettiva di genere nelle operazioni di mantenimento
della pace.
Tale risoluzione si traduceva
nell’individuazione dei ruoli che tutti gli attori
nazionali ed internazionali avevano per garantire
effettività a siffatto significativo ruolo.
Agli Stati era demandato il compito
di assicurare l’incremento della rappresentazione di
tutte le donne nei processi decisionali per la
prevenzione e gestione dei conflitti.
Allo stesso Segretario Generale era
rivolto l’incoraggiamento ad applicare il suo piano
strategico d’azione (A/49/587) includendo un aumento
della partecipazione delle donne nei livelli di adozione
delle decisioni per la soluzione dei conflitti e nei
processi di pace nonché di cercare di ampliare il ruolo
e il contributo delle donne nelle operazioni delle
Nazioni Unite sul terreno, e specialmente tra gli
osservatori militari, la polizia civile e il personale
addetto ai diritti umani e ai compiti umanitari;
Ancora al Segretario Generale
veniva richiesto di procurare agli Stati Membri delle
direttive e dei materiali formativi sulla protezione, i
diritti e le necessità specifiche delle donne, come
anche sull’importanza della partecipazione delle donne
nell’adozione di tutte le misure di mantenimento e di
consolidamento della pace;
La risoluzione inoltre prevedeva
l’invito a tutti coloro che partecipano alla
negoziazione ed applicazione di accordi di pace di
adottare una prospettiva di genere, nella quale si tenga
conto, tra le altre cose, delle misure per appoggiare le
iniziative di pace delle donne locali e i processi
autoctoni di soluzione dei conflitti e per far
partecipare le donne in tutti i meccanismi di
applicazione degli accordi di pace;
Infine l’invito rivolto al
Segretario Generale di promuovere uno studio sugli
effetti dei conflitti armati sulle donne e sulle
ragazze, e sul ruolo delle donne nella consolidazione
della pace e sulle dimensioni di genere dei processi di
pace e di soluzione dei conflitti, e a presentare una
relazione informativa al Consiglio di Sicurezza sui
risultati di questo studio e a mettendoli a disposizione
di tutti gli Stati Membri delle Nazioni Unite.
A distanza di 11 anni il Consiglio
di Sicurezza nella seduta del 28 ottobre ha riaperto il
dibattito sul ruolo delle donne della realizzazione
della pace e della sicurezza con il Segretario Ban
KI-Moon che ha chiesto un maggiore coinvolgimento delle
donne nella prevenzione dei conflitti e nella mediazione
come essenziale passo verso la via della costruzione e
del rafforzamento della democrazia
“La partecipazione delle donne
rimane bassa sia nei ruoli ufficiali che in quelli di
osservatore. Questo deve cambiare” ha osservato
chiedendo alle Nazioni Unite di dare l’esempio
Mrs. Bachelet - Direttrice
Esecutiva di UN Women (l’agenzia ONU per l’uguaglianza
di genere e l’emancipazione femminile), - ha aggiunto
che la partecipazione delle donne nella prevenzione e
risoluzione dei conflitti non è opzionale ma un
importante elemento nel processo di costruzione della
pace. Ha anche suggerito al Consiglio di svolgere
incontri ministeriali a cadenza quinquennale per il
monitoraggio di questi obiettivi e la risoluzione
d’eventuali ostacoli all’implementazione della
risoluzione.
“Andando avanti tutti noi –
Consiglio di Sicurezza, Stati membri, Società civile e
Nazioni Unite - avremo bisogno di leadership determinate
ad impiegare pienamente le donne nella mediazione e
nella prevenzione dei conflitti. Ciò farà progredire la
pace e la sicurezza e accrescere la democrazia nel
mondo” ha affermato.
Il Sotto-Segretario Generale per le
Operazioni di Mantenimento della Pace, Alain Le Roy, ha
enfatizzato la necessità di prevedere, in futuro,
finanziamenti sufficienti per l’implementazione della
risoluzione 1325, e di intensificare gli sforzi per il
rafforzamento delle competenze delle donne nel costruire
una pace duratura nei propri paesi e favorirne la
partecipazione ai processi politici e decisionali.
Resolution 1325
(2000)
Adopted by the
Security Council at its 4213th meeting, on 31 October
2000
The Security
Council,
Recalling its
resolutions 1261 (1999) of 25 August 1999, 1265 (1999)
of 17 September 1999, 1296 (2000) of 19 April 2000 and
1314 (2000) of 11 August 2000, as well as relevant
statements of its President, and recalling also the
statement of its President to the press on the occasion
of the United Nations Day for Women’s Rights and
International Peace (International Women’s Day) of 8
March 2000 (SC/6816), Recalling also the commitments of
the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action
(A/52/231) as well as those contained in the outcome
document of the twenty-third Special Session of the
United Nations General Assembly entitled “Women 2000:
Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the
Twenty-First Century” (A/S-23/10/Rev.1), in particular
those concerning women and armed conflict, Bearing in
mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the
United Nations and the primary responsibility of the
Security Council under the Charter for the maintenance
of international peace and security, Expressing concern
that civilians, particularly women and children, account
for the vast majority of those adversely affected by
armed conflict, including as refugees and internally
displaced persons, and increasingly are targeted by
combatants and armed elements, and recognizing the
consequent impact this has on durable peace and
reconciliation, Reaffirming the important role of women
in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and in
peace-building, and stressing the importance of their
equal participation and full involvement in all efforts
for the maintenance and promotion of peace and security,
and the need to increase their role in decision-making
with regard to conflict prevention and resolution,
Reaffirming also the need to implement fully
international humanitarian and human rights law that
protects the rights of women and girls during and after
conflicts,
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S/RES/1325
(2000)
Emphasizing the
need for all parties to ensure that mine clearance and
mine awareness programmes take into account the special
needs of women and girls, Recognizing the urgent need to
mainstream a gender perspective into peacekeeping
operations, and in this regard noting the Windhoek
Declaration and the Namibia Plan of Action on
Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in Multidimensional
Peace Support Operations (S/2000/693), Recognizing also
the importance of the recommendation contained in the
statement of its President to the press of 8 March 2000
for specialized training for all peacekeeping personnel
on the protection, special needs and human rights of
women and children in conflict situations, Recognizing
that an understanding of the impact of armed conflict on
women and girls, effective institutional arrangements to
guarantee their protection and full participation in the
peace process can significantly contribute to the
maintenance and promotion of international peace and
security, Noting the need to consolidate data on the
impact of armed conflict on women and girls,
1. Urges Member
States to ensure increased representation of women at
all decision-making levels in national, regional and
international institutions and mechanisms for the
prevention, management, and resolution of conflict;
2. Encourages
the Secretary-General to implement his strategic plan of
action (A/49/587) calling for an increase in the
participation of women at decisionmaking levels in
conflict resolution and peace processes;
3. Urges the
Secretary-General to appoint more women as special
representatives and envoys to pursue good offices on his
behalf, and in this regard calls on Member States to
provide candidates to the Secretary-General, for
inclusion in a regularly updated centralized roster;
4. Further urges
the Secretary-General to seek to expand the role and
contribution of women in United Nations field-based
operations, and especially among military observers,
civilian police, human rights and humanitarian
personnel;
5. Expresses its
willingness to incorporate a gender perspective into
peacekeeping operations, and urges the Secretary-General
to ensure that, where appropriate, field operations
include a gender component;
6. Requests the
Secretary-General to provide to Member States training
guidelines and materials on the protection, rights and
the particular needs of women, as well as on the
importance of involving women in all peacekeeping and
peacebuilding measures, invites Member States to
incorporate these elements as well as
HIV/AIDS
awareness training into their national training
programmes for military and civilian police personnel in
preparation for deployment, and further requests the
Secretary-General to ensure that civilian personnel of
peacekeeping operations receive similar training;
7. Urges Member
States to increase their voluntary financial, technical
and logistical support for gender-sensitive training
efforts, including those undertaken by relevant funds
and programmes, inter alia, the United Nations Fund for
Women and United Nations Children’s Fund, and by the
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees and other relevant bodies;
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S/RES/1325
(2000)
8. Calls on all
actors involved, when negotiating and implementing peace
agreements, to adopt a gender perspective, including,
inter alia:
(a) The special
needs of women and girls during repatriation and
resettlement and for rehabilitation, reintegration and
post-conflict reconstruction;
(b) Measures
that support local women’s peace initiatives and
indigenous processes for conflict resolution, and that
involve women in all of the implementation mechanisms of
the peace agreements;
(c) Measures
that ensure the protection of and respect for human
rights of women and girls, particularly as they relate
to the constitution, the electoral system, the police
and the judiciary;
9. Calls upon
all parties to armed conflict to respect fully
international law applicable to the rights and
protection of women and girls, especially as civilians,
in particular the obligations applicable to them under
the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional
Protocols thereto of 1977, the Refugee Convention of
1951 and the Protocol thereto of 1967, the Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women of 1979 and the Optional Protocol thereto of 1999
and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the
Child of 1989 and the two Optional Protocols thereto of
25 May 2000, and to bear in mind the relevant provisions
of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court;
10. Calls on all
parties to armed conflict to take special measures to
protect women and girls from gender-based violence,
particularly rape and other forms of sexual abuse, and
all other forms of violence in situations of armed
conflict;
11. Emphasizes
the responsibility of all States to put an end to
impunity and to prosecute those responsible for
genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes
including those relating to sexual and other violence
against women and girls, and in this regard stresses the
need to exclude these crimes, where feasible from
amnesty provisions;
12. Calls upon
all parties to armed conflict to respect the civilian
and humanitarian character of refugee camps and
settlements, and to take into account the particular
needs of women and girls, including in their design, and
recalls its resolutions 1208 (1998) of 19 November 1998
and 1296 (2000) of 19 April 2000;
13. Encourages
all those involved in the planning for disarmament,
demobilization and reintegration to consider the
different needs of female and male ex-combatants and to
take into account the needs of their dependants;
14. Reaffirms
its readiness, whenever measures are adopted under
Article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations, to give
consideration to their potential impact on the civilian
population, bearing in mind the special needs of women
and girls, in order to consider appropriate humanitarian
exemptions;
15. Expresses
its willingness to ensure that Security Council missions
take into account gender considerations and the rights
of women, including through consultation with local and
international women’s groups;
16. Invites the
Secretary-General to carry out a study on the impact of
armed conflict on women and girls, the role of women in
peace-building and the gender dimensions of peace
processes and conflict resolution, and further invites
him to
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S/RES/1325
(2000)
submit a report
to the Security Council on the results of this study and
to make this available to all Member States of the
United Nations;
17. Requests the
Secretary-General, where appropriate, to include in his
reporting to the Security Council progress on gender
mainstreaming throughout peacekeeping missions and all
other aspects relating to women and girls;
18. Decides to
remain actively seized of the matter |
